![]() ![]() You have a poodle, so you can safely infer that you indeed have a dog. In this example, one can easily see that the conclusion follows from the premises. (4) If you have a poodle, then you have a dog. A very easy to understand example of modus ponens is as follows: You do have one thing thus, you also have the other thing.’ You are affirming that you do, in fact, have the antecedent (the “if” portion of premise ) that leads to the consequent (the “then” portion of premise ). This form essentially states, ‘if you have one thing, then you have the other thing. Modus ponens, also known as ‘affirming the antecedent,’ takes the following form: Later, we can substitute any sentence we want in place of P and Q. We can use the terms P and Q to demonstrate our argument form. The “if” portion of the conditional is called the antecedent, and the “then” portion is called the consequent. A conditional is simply an if-then statement, e.g. Both modus ponens and modus tollens require one premise to be in the form of a conditional. In other words, when citing modus ponens or modus tollens properly, true premises will never lead to a false conclusion. In short, modus ponens and modus tollens both provide argument forms that guarantee a true conclusion if the premises are true. They are powerful because they are deductively valid, meaning (i) the premises contain all of the information necessary to determine the conclusion, and (ii) the conclusion absolutely follows from the premises. ![]() Modus ponens and modus tollens are two powerful inference rules for argumentation. ![]()
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